Health Emergencies

Difficulty breathing may be caused by a number of medical problems, including an asthma attack or an allergic reaction. Any difficulty breathing is a serious emergency and requires the immediate activation of EMS.

• Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• If the victim states they are having an asthma attack, you may assist by:
  • Asking the victim if they have an inhaler
  • Asking the victim if they have a prescription for the inhaler
  • Helping the victim use the inhaler if needed
• With any breathing emergency, help by sitting the victim upright or in the position they are most comfortable.

A victim of an allergic reaction may experience swelling (especially of the face), breathing difficulty, an itching rash, shock, and even death. The victim may have a history of allergic reactions and may carry an epinephrine auto-injector (also known as an EpiPen^TM), or the allergic reaction could be the victim’s first.

If you suspect an allergic reaction:

• Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• If the victim has an EpiPen available and needs assistance with it, you may help by taking these steps:
  • Make sure the medication is prescribed to the victim.
  • Follow the instructions on the device to administer the medication.
• For any allergic reaction, allow the victim to sit upright or in the position they are most comfortable.

The objectives of providing aid during a seizure are to prevent further injury and to help maintain an open airway. Most seizures, but not all, will stop on their own after a few seconds. Stay calm, and:

• Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• Do not restrain the victim during the seizure. Move furniture away to protect the person's head.
• Do not place anything in the victim’s mouth. Tongue biting and bleeding from the mouth can be normal side effects of a seizure.
• After a seizure, the victim may be unconscious, confused or lethargic. Place the victim on their side and offer reassurance until help arrives.

A heart attack is normally characterized as severe chest pain, but may be indicated by a number of other, more subtle signs. Heart attacks affect men and women of all ages. Learn to recognize the signs and activate EMS immediately if you suspect someone may be suffering from a heart attack.

The signs of a heart attack might include:

• Chest discomfort—most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain.
• Discomfort in other areas of the upper body, such as one or both arms or the back, neck, jaw, or stomach.
• Shortness of breath.
• Other signs may include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea, vomiting, or lightheadedness.

As with men, women’s most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or discomfort. But women are somewhat more likely than men to primarily complain of other common symptoms, particularly shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting, and back or jaw pain.

If you suspect someone is having a heart attack:

• Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• Allow the victim to sit up, or in the position that is most comfortable. Reassure the victim that help is on the way.
• Monitor the victim and perform CPR if the victim becomes unresponsive or is not breathing normally.
• If there is an Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) present, open the AED and follow the AED’s instructions.

Learn to recognize the signs of a stroke and activate EMS immediately if you believe someone may be suffering from a stroke. Remember FAST:

• Facial weakness – can the person smile? Is there drooping of the mouth or one or both eyes?
• Arm weakness – can the person raise both arms?
• Speech problems – can the person speak clearly and understand what you say?
• Time is critical – call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.

Diabetic emergencies happen when a victim has dangerously low or high blood sugar levels. Although this type of emergency can happen to anyone, it is more common for diabetics.
Symptoms of a diabetic emergency include:

• Confusion
• Altered behavior
• Difficulty speaking or walking
• Slow responsiveness

If a person with diabetes reports having low blood sugar, you may assist by providing them with sugars such as juices, sugar tablets, or glucose gel, for which the victim may have a prescription.

Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink if they are unable to swallow or have slow responses. Call 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.

Controlling bleeding is one thing you can do that can have a major positive effect on outcome.

• For serious bleeding, call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• Control the bleeding by applying direct pressure over the bleeding area until bleeding stops or EMS arrives.
• Avoid contact with another person’s blood by using medical gloves.

It is best to apply manual pressure on a gauze bandage or other piece of cloth placed over the bleeding source. If bleeding continues, do not remove the gauze; add more gauze on top and continue to apply pressure. If the victim complains of feeling light-headed or seems to be confused, make sure that EMS is on the way.

Clean the wound with clean, running tap water with or without soap for at least 5 minutes. Application of an antibiotic ointment and a dressing after cleaning has been shown to help wounds heal better. However, do not apply an antibiotic ointment if the victim has known allergies to the antibiotic. Call for EMS or seek medical attention if the wound becomes discolored or swollen, or if the victim develops other symptoms such as lightheadedness.

Immediately cool the burn in cold running water and continue at least until pain is relieved. Do not use ice, as this may freeze skin and cause more damage. Do not pop burn blisters but do cover them loosely with a sterile dressing. Call for EMS or seek medical attention if necessary. Always activate EMS for burns of a large area or for burns affecting the face, hands, or genitals.

Electrical burns are usually internal, and a small external burn may mask a large area of damage inside the victim.

• Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• Consider your own safety first! Do not approach or touch the victim until the power has been turned off.
• Once the power is off, assess the victim, who may need CPR.

If someone injures a muscle, joint, or bone:

• Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• Do not attempt to move or reposition a victim with a serious muscular, bone, or joint injury.
• For a minor injury, apply a mixture of ice and water in a plastic bag to the injured area, being sure to place a thin towel or other cloth between the mixture and the skin to prevent freezing of skin. Apply ice for 10-20 minutes at a time to prevent skin from becoming too cold.
• If the injury includes open wound, cover it with a dressing. Do not attempt to push protruding bones or tissue back into the skin.

Dental injuries include chipped teeth or a tooth that is knocked out.

• Seek medical attention at a dentist’s office or an emergency room or activate EMS.
• Avoid touching the root or the part of the tooth that’s normally embedded in the gums.
• Clean wounds inside the mouth with water. Avoid swallowing blood.
• Stop bleeding by applying pressure with a piece of clean cotton.
• Do not scrub a knocked-out tooth. Rinse it in water, then place it in milk or in clean water if milk is not available. Bring the tooth with you to the emergency room or dentist.

Head injuries are very dangerous and should be handled with caution. If the victim has hit their head and has symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, headache, confusion, or memory loss, you should immediately:

• Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• Do not move the victim; encourage them to keep head and neck still until EMS arrives.

Hypothermia is the lowering of body temperature. Its seriousness depends on the length of the victim’s exposure and their body temperature. If someone appears to be severely hypothermic:

• Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• Begin warming the victim by moving them to a warm place and removing wet clothing. Wrap the victim with dry clothes, blankets, towels, etc.

Frostbite is damage to the skin caused by extreme cold or a long period of exposure. It usually affects extremities such has hands, feet, nose, and ears; is characterized by discoloration of the skin; and may include numbness or intense pain. If you suspect frostbite:

• Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.
• Do not attempt to re-warm the affected body part.
• Prevent the onset of hypothermia by moving victim to a warm place and removing wet clothing. Wrap the victim with dry clothes, blankets, towels, etc.

Illnesses brought on by heat may include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Most heat-related emergencies can be prevented by drinking water often during hot weather and staying indoors during the hottest parts of the day. If you suspect someone is having a heat emergency:

• Get the victim to a cool place—such as in the shade, indoors, or to an air-conditioned car.
• Loosen or remove clothing and cool the victim with a cool water; spray or fan the victim.
• Offer the victim a cool electrolyte-carbohydrate mixture (juice, milk, etc.) to drink, only if they are awake and alert.
• If the victim is confused, sweating, nauseous, vomiting, or refuses water, call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.