Office of Emergency Management

Health Emergencies

Be prepared

Think about taking a first aid and CPR course. Contact the American Heart Association or your local chapter of the American Red Cross for information on CPR and first aid training in your community. Courses are periodically run on Tufts campuses and are generally advertised throughout the university. Free first aid tips are available for popular smartphones from the First Aid by American Red Cross app, available in the Apple App Store or through Google Play.

First aid includes assessments and treatments that can be performed by a layperson (the victim or a bystander) with minimal or no medical equipment. First aid should never delay the activation of the emergency medical services (EMS) system or other medical assistance, if needed. 

This first aid guide is derived from the 2015 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.

Calling for Help

In a medical emergency on campus, activate the emergency medical services (EMS) system by calling the University Police at 617-627-6911.

Hands-Only CPR

If you see a teen or adult suddenly collapse: 

1. Call (or tell someone else to call) 617-627-6911 if on campus, or call 911 if off campus. 

2. Push hard and fast in the center of the person’s chest. 

CPR can more than double a person’s chances of survival. Learn more about hands-only CPR at Heart.org/HandsOnlyCPR.

Body Substance Isolation

Some infections can be transferred by a victim’s bodily fluids. While intact skin is a generally an effective barrier against outside contagions, bystanders should avoid contact with the body substances of another person. Keep in mind that you can be exposed by touching, splashing, and spraying (i.e., a sneeze or cough) and that exposure may occur through skin contact or contamination in the eyes, mouth, or nose. Body substance isolation refers to the practice of wearing or using barriers such as medical gloves or a CPR mouth-to-mouth barrier device to reduce the risk of transmitting an infection.

Positioning the Victim

It is best to allow only trained rescuers to move a victim who may have a spinal injury, because the victim could be paralyzed if moved improperly. There are, however, exceptions: 

  • If there is immediate peril to you and the victim, it may be necessary to relocate the victim to a safer place. 
  • If you need to perform CPR, it may be necessary to roll the victim onto their back.

Medical Emergencies

Breathing Difficulties

Difficulty breathing may be caused by a number of medical problems, including an asthma attack or an allergic reaction. Any difficulty breathing is a serious emergency and requires the immediate activation of EMS. 

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. If the victim states they are having an asthma attack, you may assist by: 
    •  Asking the victim if they have an inhaler. 
    • Asking the victim if they have a prescription for the inhaler. 
    • Helping the victim use the inhaler if needed. 
  • With any breathing emergency, help by sitting the victim upright or in the position they are most comfortable.

Allergic Reaction (Anaphylaxis)

A victim of an allergic reaction may experience swelling (especially of the face), breathing difficulty, an itching rash, shock, and even death. The victim may have a history of allergic reactions and may carry an epinephrine auto-injector (also known as an EpiPen™), or the allergic reaction could be the victim’s first. 

If you suspect an allergic reaction: 

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. If the victim has an EpiPen™ available and needs assistance with it, you may help by taking these steps:
    • Make sure the medication is prescribed to the victim. 
    • Follow the instructions on the device to administer the medication. 
  • For any allergic reaction, allow the victim to sit upright or in the position they are most comfortable.

Seizures (Convulsions)

The objectives of providing aid during a seizure are to prevent further injury and to help maintain an open airway. Most seizures, but not all, will stop on their own after a few seconds. Stay calm, and: 

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. 
  • Do not restrain the victim during the seizure. Move furniture away to protect the person’s head. 
  • Do not place anything in the victim’s mouth. Tongue biting and bleeding from the mouth can be normal side effects of a seizure.
  • After a seizure, the victim may be unconscious, confused, or lethargic. Place the victim on their side and offer reassurance until help arrives.

Heart Attack

A heart attack is normally characterized as severe chest pain, but may be indicated by a number of other, more subtle signs. Heart attacks affect men and women of all ages. Learn to recognize the signs and activate EMS immediately if you suspect someone may be suffering from a heart attack. 

The signs of a heart attack may include: 

  • Chest discomfort—most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. 
  • Discomfort in other areas of the upper body, such as one or both arms or the back, neck, jaw, or stomach. 
  • Shortness of breath. 
  • Other signs may include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea, vomiting, or lightheadedness. 

As with men, women’s most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or discomfort. But women are somewhat more likely than men to primarily complain of other common symptoms, particularly shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting, and back or jaw pain. 

If you suspect someone is having a heart attack: 

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. 
  • Allow the victim to sit up or in the position that is most comfortable. Reassure the victim that help is on the way. 
  • Monitor the victim and perform CPR if the victim becomes unresponsive or is not breathing normally. 
  • If there is an automated external defibrillator (AED) present, open the AED, and follow the AED’s instructions.

Stroke

Learn to recognize the signs of a stroke and activate EMS immediately if you believe someone may be suffering from a stroke. Remember FAST: 

  • Facial weakness—can the person smile? Is there drooping of the mouth or one or both eyes? 
  • Arm weakness—can the person raise both arms?
  • Speech problems—can the person speak clearly and understand what you say? 
  • Time is critical—call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.

Diabetic Emergency

Diabetic emergencies happen when a victim has dangerously low or high blood sugar levels. Although this type of emergency can happen to anyone, it is more common for diabetics. 

Symptoms of a diabetic emergency include: 

  • Confusion 
  • Altered behavior 
  • Difficulty speaking or walking 
  • Slow responsiveness 

If a person with diabetes reports having low blood sugar, you may assist by providing them with sugars such as juices, sugar tablets, or glucose gel, for which the victim may have a prescription. 

Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink if they are unable to swallow or have slow responses. Call 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.

Injuries

Injuries sustained at the workplace will require the victim’s supervisor to file certain reports with Industrial Hygiene, Occupational Health, the Office of Risk Management, and Insurance Workers’ Compensation. These reports, as well as additional information, are available at access.tufts.edu/workers-compensation-program.

Bleeding

Controlling bleeding is one thing you can do that can have a major positive effect on outcome. 

  • For serious bleeding, call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. 
  • Control the bleeding by applying direct pressure over the bleeding area until bleeding stops or EMS arrives. 
  • Avoid contact with another person’s blood by using medical gloves. 

It is best to apply manual pressure on a gauze bandage or other piece of cloth placed over the source of bleeding. If bleeding continues, do not remove the gauze; add more gauze and continue to apply pressure.

If the victim complains of feeling lightheaded or seems confused, make sure EMS is on the way.

Cuts and Scrapes

Clean the wound with clean, running tap water with or without soap for at least five minutes. Application of an antibiotic ointment and a dressing after cleaning has been shown to help wounds heal better. However, do not apply an antibiotic ointment if the victim has known allergies to the antibiotic. Call for EMS or seek medical attention if the wound becomes discolored or swollen, or if the victim develops other symptoms such as lightheadedness.

Burns

Immediately cool the burn in cold running water and continue at least until pain is relieved. Do not use ice, as this may freeze skin and cause more damage. Do not pop burn blisters but do cover them loosely with a sterile dressing. Call for EMS or seek medical attention if necessary. Always activate EMS for burns of a large area or for burns affecting the face, hands, or genitals. Electrical burns are usually internal, and a small external burn may mask a large area of damage inside the victim. 

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. 
  • Consider your own safety first! Do not approach or touch the victim until the power has been turned off. 
  • Once the power is off, assess the victim, who may need CPR.

Sprains, Strains, Bruises, Dislocations, and Broken Bones

If someone injures a muscle, joint, or bone: 

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. 
  • Do not attempt to move or reposition a victim with a serious muscular, bone, or joint injury. 
  • For a minor injury, apply a mixture of ice and water in a plastic bag to the injured area, being sure to place a thin towel or other cloth between the mixture and the skin to prevent freezing of skin. Apply ice for 10–20 minutes at a time to prevent skin from becoming too cold. 
  • If the injury includes an open wound, cover it with a dressing. Do not attempt to push protruding bones or tissue back into the skin.

Dental Injuries

Dental injuries include chipped teeth or a tooth that is knocked out. 

  • Seek medical attention at a dentist’s office or an emergency room or activate EMS. 
  • Avoid touching the root or the part of the tooth that’s normally embedded in the gums. 
  • Clean wounds inside the mouth with water. Avoid swallowing blood. 
  • Stop bleeding by applying pressure with a piece of clean cotton. 
  • Do not scrub a knocked-out tooth. Rinse it in water, then place it in milk or in clean water if milk is not available. Bring the tooth with you to the emergency room or dentist.

Head Injuries

Head injuries are very dangerous and should be handled with caution. If the victim has hit their head and has symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, headache, confusion, or memory loss, you should immediately: 

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. 
  • Do not move the victim; encourage them to keep their head and neck still until EMS arrives.

Mental Health Emergencies

Just like medical emergencies, mental health emergencies can be lifethreatening. A mental health emergency exists when people are at risk of imminent harm to themselves or others, or their judgment and ability to care for themselves is so compromised that they may not be able to function safely

Signs of a mental health emergency include

  • Suicide plans, intentions, or behaviors 
  • Imminent threats or aggression toward others 
  • Loss of contact with reality, including paranoid or grandiose thinking 
  • Hallucinations, including hearing and/or seeing things no one else can perceive 
  • Extreme agitation 
  • Incoherent speech

What to do in a mental health emergency

Do not leave the person who is in crisis alone, even for a moment. Call the University Police immediately at 617-627-3030.

Environmental Emergencies

Cold Emergency

Hypothermia is the lowering of body temperature. Its seriousness depends on the length of the victim’s exposure and their body temperature. If someone appears to be severely hypothermic: 

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. 
  • Begin warming the victim by moving them to a warm place and removing wet clothing. Wrap the victim with dry clothes, blankets, towels, etc. 

Frostbite is damage to the skin caused by extreme cold or a long period of exposure. It usually affects extremities such has hands, feet, nose, and ears; is characterized by discoloration of the skin; and may include numbness or intense pain. If you suspect frostbite: 

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. 
  • Do not attempt to rewarm the affected body part. 
  • Prevent the onset of hypothermia by moving victim to a warm place and removing wet clothing. Wrap the victim with dry clothes, blankets, towels, etc.

Heat Emergency

Illnesses brought on by heat may include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Most heat-related emergencies can be prevented by drinking water often during hot weather and staying indoors during the hottest parts of the day. If you suspect someone is having a heat emergency: 

  • Get the victim to a cool place—such as in the shade, indoors, or to an air-conditioned car. 
  • Loosen or remove clothing and cool the victim with a cool water; spray or fan the victim. 
  • Offer the victim a cool electrolyte-carbohydrate mixture (juice, milk, etc.) to drink, but only if they are awake and alert. 
  • If the victim is confused, sweating, nauseous, vomiting, or refuses water, call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS.

Poison Emergencies

Poisons may be ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through parts of the body. Treatment for different types of poisons varies, and no general recommendation can be made other than activating EMS and contacting the Poison Help hotline of the American Association of Poison Control Centers. If you believe someone has ingested poison or see them do it:

  • Call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. 
  • Contact the Poison Help hotline at 800-222-1222. 
  • Do not give the victim anything to drink or eat unless directed to do so by the Poison Help hotline. 
  • Do not cause the victim to vomit unless directed to do so by the Poison Help hotline.

Alcohol-Related Emergencies

Alcohol emergencies may occur when a victim ingests alcoholic beverages. Symptoms of an alcohol-related emergency include: 

  • Vomiting Inability to speak or walk properly 
  • Abnormal breathing 
  • Slow responsiveness or unresponsiveness 

If a victim shows any signs of an alcohol emergency, call the University Police at 617-627-6911 to activate EMS. If the victim is uninjured, place them on their side and offer reassurance until help arrives. Ensure that the victim remains stationary in a safe location until EMS arrives.

Public Health Emergencies

A public health emergency exists when campus air, drinking water, or food is contaminated with one or more hazardous agents such as chemicals or pathogens that could or will result in disease or injury affecting large numbers of people. Likewise, other campus wide incidents—such as pest infestations or failure of the sewage system—could also cause significant disease or injury to communities. Actions will be taken to notify the Tufts community of these conditions as soon as Tufts University becomes aware of an outbreak emergency. The following types of outbreaks or epidemics represent public health emergencies: 

  • Communicable disease: widespread disease for which vaccination is not available 
  • Foodborne disease: gastrointestinal illness 
  • Waterborne disease: microbiological or chemical agents Injuries resulting from infestation by insects, rodents, or other pests (e.g., bedbugs) 
  • Infectious disease resulting from contact with sewage or other human waste 

Student Health Services, Public Safety, Industrial Hygiene, Occupational Health, and Facilities Services each have a responsibility to be aware of the public health significance of utility failures, reports of unusual diseases or injuries, or an unusual frequency of certain diseases and injuries. Tufts University will work closely with local and state agencies such as the Massachusetts Department of Public Health to respond quickly and effectively to public health emergencies that occur at Tufts University or in the neighboring community.